“This multicentre prospective audit from the East Midlands region of the UK demonstrates poor compliance with national and international preoperative fasting guidelines. Patients were fasting from clear fluids and food much longer than is recommended, with the majority of patients undergoing elective surgery fasting >4 h from clear fluids and >12 h from food. Patients undergoing emergency surgery fasted for even more prolonged periods with the
majority fasting >12 h from clear fluids and >24 h from food.” (El-Sharkawy)

El-Sharkawy, A. M. etal (2021). Fasting and surgery timing (FaST) audit. Clinical Nutrition, 40(3), 1405–1412.