These guidelines were found in the National Guideline Clearinghouse. To read relevant sections, search the text for hemodialysis.

Mermel LA, et al. “Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 49.1 (2009):1-45.

O’Grady NP, et al. “Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections.” 2011.

Searches within PubMed located these CNE articles.

McAfee, Nancy, et al. “A continuous quality improvement project to decrease hemodialysis catheter infections in pediatric patients: use of a closed luer-lock access cap.” Nephrology Nursing Journal 37.5 (2010):541-4.

Dutka, Paula, and HelenBrickel. “A practical review of the kidney dialysis outcomes quality initiative (KDOQI) guidelines for hemodialysis catheters and their potential impact on patient care.” Nephrology Nursing Journal 37.5 (2010):531-5.

Dinwiddie, Lesley C, and CynthiaBhola. “Hemodialysis catheter care: current recommendations for nursing practice in North America.” Nephrology Nursing Journal 37.5 (2010):507-20, 528.

Reviewed and updated 5/6/2014 ldt