“The exact connection between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes is still in debate. However, poorly controlled blood sugar may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s. This relationship is so strong that some have called Alzheimer’s “diabetes of the brain” or “type 3 diabetes (T3D)”. Given more recent studies continue to indicate evidence linking T3D with AD, this review aims to demonstrate the relationship between T3D and AD based on the fact that both the processing of amyloid-β (Aβ) precursor protein toxicity and the clearance of Aβ are attributed to impaired insulin signaling, and that insulin resistance mediates the dysregulation of bioenergetics and progress to AD. Furthermore, insulin-related therapeutic strategies are suggested to succeed in the development of therapies for AD by slowing down their progressive nature or even halting their future complications.”

Nguyen TT, Ta QTH, Nguyen TKO, Nguyen TTD, Giau VV. Type 3 Diabetes and Its Role Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Apr 30;21(9):3165.

Michailidis M, Moraitou D, Tata DA, Kalinderi K, Papamitsou T, Papaliagkas V. Alzheimer’s Disease as Type 3 Diabetes: Common Pathophysiological Mechanisms between Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 28;23(5):2687.

Janoutová J, Machaczka O, Zatloukalová A, Janout V. Is Alzheimer’s disease a type 3 diabetes? A review. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2022 Sep;30(3):139-143.

Nisar O, Pervez H, Mandalia B, Waqas M, Sra HK. Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus: A Link Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Cureus. 2020 Nov 25;12(11):e11703.

Moayedi K, Orandi S, Ebrahimi R, Tanhapour M, Moradi M, Abbastabar M, Golestani A. A novel approach to type 3 diabetes mechanism: The interplay between noncoding RNAs and insulin signaling pathway in Alzheimer’s disease. J Cell Physiol. 2022 Jul;237(7):2838-2861. doi: 10.1002/jcp.30779. Epub 2022 May 17.

You G, Yao J, Liu Q, Li N. The Strategies for Treating “Alzheimer’s Disease”: Insulin Signaling May Be a Feasible Target. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022 Dec 7;44(12):6172-6188